Direct and indirect speech

Perbedaan “Direct Speech and Indirect Speech”

Seperti Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Inggris pun punya cara sendiri untuk mengkomunikasikan sesuatu. Caranya dibedakan dengan kalimat langsung (direct speech) atau kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech).

Secara sederhana, kalimat langsung adalah kalimat dialog yang digunakan seseorang saat berbicara langsung dengan orang lain. Sementara kalimat tidak langsung adalah kalimat dialog yang sudah terjadi di masa lampau kemudian diceritakan kembali pada orang lain.

Contoh 1

Direct speech : Mrs. Joana said, “I want to help you.”

Indirect speech : Mrs. Joana said that she wanted to help me.

Contoh 2

Direct speech : Mom said, “I made you a dinner.”

Indirect speech : Mom said that she had made me a dinner.

Contoh 3

Direct speech : She said, “I’m going to the mall.”

Indirect speech : She said that she was going to the mall.

Nah, sampai contoh di atas, apakah kalian sudah mulai mengerti, di mana letak perbedaan direct speech dan indirect speech?

Perbedaan paling utama yang bisa kalian tebak dari dua speech ini adalah, direct speech pasti selalu menggunakan tanda kutipan seperti (“). Kata-kata langsung oleh pembicara selalu juga dipisahkan dengan tanda baca koma.

Sementara pada indirect speech, tanda baca koma dan kutipan hilang digantikan kata “that”. Dalam indirect speech kata “that” sangat berguna untuk membantu berlangsungnya kalimat.

Rumus Perubahan Direct Speech ke Indirect Speech

• Present Simple Tense → Past Simple Tense
• Present Continuous Tense → Past Continuous Tense
• Present Perfect Tense → Past Perfect Tense
• Present Perfect Continuous Tense → Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• Past Simple Tense → Past Perfect Tense
• Past Continuous Tense → Perfect Continuous Tense
• Past Perfect Tense (tidak berubah)
• Past Perfect Continuous Tense (tidak berubah)
• Future Simple Tense → “would”
• Future Continuous Tense → “would be”
• Future Perfect Tense → “would have”
• Future Perfect Continuous Tense → “would have been”

1️⃣ Perubahan Tenses (Backshift)

Jika kalimat pelapor (reporting verb) menggunakan past tense (said, told, asked), maka tense biasanya berubah satu tingkat ke belakang.

1️⃣ Present Simple → Past Simple Rumus: V1 → V2 Direct: She said, “I go to school.” Indirect: She said that she went to school. 2️⃣ Present Continuous → Past Continuous Rumus: am/is/are + V-ing → was/were + V-ing Direct: He said, “I am studying.” Indirect: He said that he was studying. 3️⃣ Present Perfect → Past Perfect Rumus: has/have + V3 → had + V3 Direct: She said, “I have finished my work.” Indirect: She said that she had finished her work. 4️⃣ Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous Rumus: has/have been + V-ing → had been + V-ing Direct: He said, “I have been waiting.” Indirect: He said that he had been waiting. 5️⃣ Past Simple → Past Perfect Rumus: V2 → had + V3 Direct: She said, “I went home.” Indirect: She said that she had gone home.

6️⃣ Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous Rumus: was/were + V-ing → had been + V-ing Direct: He said, “I was reading.” Indirect: He said that he had been reading. 7️⃣ Past Perfect → Tidak berubah Direct: She said, “I had eaten.” Indirect: She said that she had eaten. 8️⃣ Past Perfect Continuous → Tidak berubah Direct: He said, “I had been working.” Indirect: He said that he had been working. 9️⃣ Future Simple (will) → would Direct: She said, “I will come.” Indirect: She said that she would come. 🔟 Future Continuous → would be Direct: He said, “I will be studying.” Indirect: He said that he would be studying. 1️⃣1️⃣ Future Perfect → would have Direct: She said, “I will have finished.” Indirect: She said that she would have finished.

2️⃣ Perubahan Pronoun (Kata Ganti)

Kata ganti berubah menyesuaikan dengan siapa yang berbicara dan kepada siapa berbicara.

Direct	Indirect
I	he / she
we	they
my	his / her
our	their
me	him / her

Contoh:

Direct: Rina said, “I love my school.”
Indirect: Rina said that she loved her school.

3️⃣ Perubahan Adverb of Time & Place

Direct	Indirect
now	then
today	that day
tonight	that night
tomorrow	the next day / the following day
yesterday	the day before
last week	the week before
next month	the following month
here	there
this	that
these	those

Contoh:

Direct: He said, “I met her yesterday.”
Indirect: He said that he had met her the day before.

4️⃣ Perubahan Bentuk Kalimat

✅ A. Statement (Kalimat Berita)

Gunakan that (boleh dihilangkan).

Direct: She said, “I am happy.”
Indirect: She said (that) she was happy.

✅ B. Yes/No Question

Gunakan if / whether dan tidak pakai tanda tanya.

Direct: She asked, “Are you busy?”
Indirect: She asked if I was busy.

✅ C. WH-Question

Gunakan kata tanya yang sama (what, where, why, etc).

Direct: He asked, “Where do you live?”
Indirect: He asked where I lived.

✅ D. Command / Request /Prohibition

Gunakan:

• told + object + to
• asked + object + to

Direct: She said, “Open the door.”
Indirect: She told me to open the door.

Direct: She said, “Please help me.”
Indirect: She asked me to help her.

Prohibition

Direct: The teacher said, “Do not cheat during the test.”
Indirect: The teacher told the students not to cheat during the test.

Direct: She said, “Don’t open the door.”
Indirect: She told me not to open the door.

Direct: The officer said, “Do not park your car here.”
Indirect: The officer told him not to park his car there.

⚠️ Catatan Penting

Tense tidak berubah jika:

• Reporting verb dalam present tense
  • She says, “I am tired.” → She says that she is tired.
• Fakta umum
  • He said, “The sun rises in the east.”
    → He said that the sun rises in the east.

Kerjakan Latihan soal berikut

·  Direct: Rina said, “We completed the experiment last week.”
Indirect: Rina said that they … the experiment the week before.
A. complete
B. have completed
C. had completed
D. completed
E. will complete

·  Direct: “We are preparing for the competition,” Budi said.
Indirect: Budi said that they … for the competition.
A. were preparing
B. are preparing
C. had prepared
D. prepared
E. will prepare

·  Direct: The principal said, “The school will build a new library.”
Indirect: The principal said that the school … a new library.
A. will build
B. would build
C. builds
D. built
E. has built

·  Indirect: Sinta said that she had finished her homework.
What was Sinta’s direct statement?
A. “I have finished my homework.”
B. “I finished my homework.”
C. “I had finished his homework.”
D. “I will finish my homework.”
E. “I am finishing my homework.”

·  Direct: “I feel proud,” said Andi.
Indirect: Andi said that he … proud.
A. feels
B. felt
C. has felt
D. had felt
E. will feel

·  The teacher asked, “Why are you late?”
Indirect: The teacher asked why … late.
A. are they
B. they are
C. were they
D. they were
E. had they been

·  Select the correct indirect form:
“Finish your assignment today!” the teacher told the students.
A. The teacher told the students to finish their assignment that day.
B. The teacher told the students finish their assignment today.
C. The teacher told the students that they finished their assignment.
D. The teacher told the students finishing their assignment that day.
E. The teacher told the students not to finish their assignment that day.

·  Which of the following is a reporting verb?
A. Explained
B. Running
C. Built
D. Airport
E. Quickly

·  Change to Indirect:
“We have completed the task,” the students said.
A. The students said that they complete the task.
B. The students said that they had completed the task.
C. The students said that we had completed the task.
D. The students said that they completed the task.
E. The students said that they have completed the task.

·  Why is the name of a city often written at the beginning of a news article?
A. To show the writer’s hobby
B. To indicate the place where the event happened
C. To make the article longer
D. To advertise the city
E. To show the weather

·  Direct: “Did you watch the final match?” the coach asked.
Indirect: The coach asked … the final match.
A. if they watched
B. whether did they watch
C. if they had watched
D. that they watched
E. if had they watched

·  Indirect: She said that she would visit her grandmother the next day.
What was the direct speech?
A. “I will visit my grandmother tomorrow.”
B. “I would visit my grandmother tomorrow.”
C. “I visit my grandmother tomorrow.”
D. “I visited my grandmother yesterday.”
E. “I have visited my grandmother today.”

·  “We can solve this problem.”
Indirect: He said that they … solve that problem.
A. can
B. could
C. solved
D. had solved
E. will solve

·  Direct: “Do not open the door,” the guard told us.
Indirect: The guard told us … the door.
A. not open
B. to not open
C. not to open
D. don’t open
E. not opening

·  Direct: “The machine works properly,” the engineer said.
Indirect: The engineer said that the machine … properly.
A. works
B. worked
C. working
D. has worked
E. had worked

·  Change to Indirect:
“The company will launch a new product next month,” said the manager.
A. The manager said the company would launch a new product the following month.
B. The manager said the company will launch a new product next month.
C. The manager said the company launches a new product the following month.
D. The manager said the company had launched a new product next month.
E. The manager said the company would launched a new product the following month.

·  Direct: “The price is cheaper now,” the seller said.
Indirect: The seller said that the price … cheaper then.
A. is
B. was
C. were
D. has been
E. will be

·  Direct: The governor said, “We will improve public transportation.”
Indirect: The governor said that they … public transportation.
A. will improve
B. improves
C. improved
D. would improve
E. had improved